User:CicholTheSinder

languages can be used to create that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express precisely.
 * A programming language is a designed to communicate instructions to a particularly a Programming

Are mark up languages programming languages? Ex: HTML, XML

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Paradigms

Imperative/Procedural

- series of statements and/or subroutines - Ex: TV installation instructions

OOP - objects that talks to each other

Functional - expression w/no implicit state Lisp/R

Logic - relations represented as rules & fact - Prolog

Data Types (C++)

Type Keyword Boolean bool Character char Integer int Floating point float Double floating point double Valueless void Wide Character wchar_t

-Strings - an Array of Characters - Enumerations - self defined variable Ex: deck of cards or planets -- Data Structures

- Array - sequential memory spaces - LinkedList - nodes that point to each other - Stack - last in first out - Queue - first in first out - Record - a value that contains other value, a "field" - Union - old school polymorphism - HasTable/Map - key/value (java map non-synch w/nulls) - Tree -abstract data type simulates hierarchical tree strctures - Object - location in mem having a value & refer'd by an idfier Fundamental date type in OO - instantiation of a class --- Control Statements - Label - explicit name/number for src code location - Goto - jump to designated src code location - Break - next line after loop - Control Structures - Begin/End, Curly Braces, If/End if - Subroutines - reusable code - Routines/procedures - alternate verbiage - Function - if they return a value - Method - if they belong to classes --- Implementation - Compiled - converted to machine code - Interpreted - software translated at run-time - Bytecode - taking the middle road - JIT - Bytecode compiled to machine at run-time --- Typing - Typed - Almost all languages - Untyped - assembly - Static - determined at compile time - Manifestly - explicitly written - Inferred - functional languages -Dynamic (aka lantent) - associated at run-time -Weak vs. strong Evolution -1GL - machine code/assembly -2GL - FORTRAN/ALGOL -3GL - C/Pascal/Lisp/Prolog -4GL? Survey of Common Languages -C/C++/Obj C -Java/C# -Delphi/Obj Pascal/Free Pacal -Python/Boo/Ruby/Groovy -SQL -PHP/ColdFusion/Perl -Javascript/AJAX -VBScript/Actionscript/Lua -MATLAB/R/Maple/Mathematica/Sage -Perl/Shell Compiler Quick Look Front end - Lexical creates tokens/vocabulary - Syntactical checks grammar/parse tree - Semantical checks sanity - type checking - Generates intermediate representation (IR) for middle end

Middle End - Optimizations - dead code/inline expansion/parallelization -Generated another IR for back end

Back end - Translates middle end IR into assembly code - HW specific optimizations done here

How do I get started?

Online tutorials

codeacademy.org - Javascrip, PHP, Python, Ruby, HTML/CSS w3schools.com -HTML/CSS/XML, Javascript, AJAX, PHP, ASP cplusplus.com - comprehensive C++ cprogramming.com -C/C++/Java, game, algorithms

Start programming!